Catching up on lost learning opportunities

Climate change and natural disasters, the COVID-19 pandemic, geopolitical shocks have increasingly disrupted school education around world in recent years. Whether leading to closures, destructions or repeated interruptions students’ learning experiences, these external translated into lost opportunities for students. In this context, systems face heightened pressure become ever more resilient, enhance efficiency of public spending address emerging gaps. This working paper highlights key strategies helping students catch up on bridge gaps, based a review research policy evidence from OECD non-OECD countries. It examines range academic including i) adapting instructional pedagogies individual needs, ii) extending time instruction, iii) providing curricular flexibility enabling fluid pathways within system. provides effectiveness such strategies, together with examples their large-scale implementation cost-effectiveness considerations. While presents programmes general interest all countries, separate brief targets recovery Ukraine.